World Library  
  
Flag as Inappropriate
Email this Article

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor

Article Id: WHEBN0023275741
Reproduction Date:

Title: Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor  
Author: World Heritage Encyclopedia
Language: English
Subject: Dementia, Bulbocapnine, Racetam, Bifemelane, Huperzine A
Collection:
Publisher: World Heritage Encyclopedia
Publication
Date:
 

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor

Acetylcholinesterase inhibition

An acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (often abbreviated AChEI) or anti-cholinesterase is a chemical that inhibits the acetylcholinesterase enzyme from breaking down acetylcholine, thereby increasing both the level and duration of action of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Reversible, quasi-irreversible (or pseudirreversible in some sources) and irreversible inhibitors exist.[1]

Uses

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors:[2]

Side effects

Potential side effects of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors[10][11]
mild – usually goes away potentially serious

Some major effects of cholinesterase inhibitors:

Administration of reversible cholinoesterase inhibitors is contraindicated with those that have urinary retention due to obstruction.

Titration phase

When used in the central nervous system to alleviate neurological symptoms, such as rivastigmine in Alzheimer's disease, all cholinesterase inhibitors require doses to be increased gradually over several weeks, and this is usually referred to as the titration phase. Many other types drug treatments may require a titration or stepping up phase. This strategy is used to build tolerance to adverse events or to reach a desired clinical effect.[12]

Examples

Reversible inhibitor

Compounds which function as reversible competitive or noncompetitive inhibitors of cholinesterase are those most likely to have therapeutic uses. These include:

Comparison table

Comparison of reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
Inhibitor Duration Main site of action Clinical use Adverse effects
Edrophonium short (10 min.)[17] neuromuscular junction[17] diagnosis of myasthenia gravis[17]
Neostigmine medium (1–2 hrs.)[17] neuromuscular junction[17] visceral[17]
Physostigmine medium (0.5-5 hrs.)[17] postganglionic parasympathetic[17] treat glaucoma (eye drops)[17]
Pyridostigmine medium (2–3 hrs.)[17] neuromuscular junction[17]
Dyflos long[17] postganglionic parasympathetic[17] historically to treat glaucoma (eye drops)[17] toxic[17]
Ecothiopate (irreversible) long[17] postganglionic parasympathetic[17] treat glaucoma (eye drops)[17] systemic effects[17]
Parathion (irreversible) long[17] none[17] toxic[17]

Quasi-irreversible inhibitor

Compounds which function as quasi-irreversible inhibitors of cholinesterase are those most likely to have use as chemical weapons or pesticides. These include:

See also

References

  1. ^ Pohanka, M (2012). "Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors; a patent review (2008–present)". Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents 22 (8): 871–886.  
  2. ^ Colovic, MB; Krstic, Danijela Z.; Lazarevic-Pasti, Tamara D.; Bondzic, Aleksandra M.; Vasic, Vesna M. (2013). "Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors: Pharmacology and Toxicology". Current Neuropharmacology 11 (3): 315–335.  
  3. ^ Yuschak, Thomas (2006). Advanced Lucid Dreaming: The Power of Supplements. Lulu.  
  4. ^ Taylor, D; Paton, C; Shitij, K (2012). Maudsley Prescribing Guidelines in Psychiatry (11th ed.). West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell.  
  5. ^ Singh, J; Kour, K; Jayaram, MB (January 2012). "Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors for schizophrenia". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1: CD007967.  
  6. ^ Choi, KH; Wykes, T; Kurtz, MM (September 2013). "Adjunctive pharmacotherapy for cognitive deficits in schizophrenia: meta-analytical investigation of efficacy". The British Journal of Psychiatry 203 (3): 172–178.  
  7. ^ Ribeiz, SR; Bassitt, DP; Arrais, JA; Avila, R; Steffens, DC; Bottino, CM (April 2010). "Cholinesterase Inhibitors as Adjunctive Therapy in Patients with Schizophrenia and Schizoaffective Disorder A Review and Meta-Analysis of the Literature". CNS Drugs 24 (4): 303–317.  
  8. ^ Buckley, A. W.; Sassower, K.; Rodriguez, A. J.; Jennison, K.; Wingert, K.; Buckley, J.; Thurm, A.; Sato, S.; Swedo, S. (2011). "An Open Label Trial of Donepezil for Enhancement of Rapid Eye Movement Sleep in Young Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders". Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 21 (4): 353–357.  
  9. ^ Handen, B. L.; Johnson, C. R.; McAuliffe-Bellin, S.; Murray, P. J.; Hardan, A. Y. (2011). "Safety and Efficacy of Donepezil in Children and Adolescents with Autism: Neuropsychological Measures". Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 21 (1): 43–50.  
  10. ^  , which claims Alzheimer’s Association guidance as a source
  11. ^ Inglis, F. (2002). "The tolerability and safety of cholinesterase inhibitors in the treatment of dementia". International journal of clinical practice. Supplement (127): 45–63.  
  12. ^ Inglis, F (2002). "The tolerability and safety of cholinesterase inhibitors in the treatment of dementia". International journal of clinical practice. Supplement (127): 45–63.  
  13. ^ Karadsheh, N; Kussie, P; Linthicum, DS (1991). "Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase by caffeine, anabasine, methyl pyrrolidine and their derivatives". Toxicology letters 55 (3): 335–42.  
  14. ^ Bauer, Brent A. Alzheimer's disease. mayoclinic.com
  15. ^ Wang, BS; Wang, H; Wei, ZH; Song, YY; Zhang, L; Chen, HZ (2009). "Efficacy and safety of natural acetylcholinesterase inhibitor huperzine A in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease: an updated meta-analysis". Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) 116 (4): 457–65.  
  16. ^ Rhee IK, I; Appels N; Hofte B; Karabatak B; Erkelens C; Stark LM; Flippin LA; Verpoorte R (November 2004). "Isolation of the Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor Ungeremine from Nerine bowdenii by Preparative HPLC Coupled On-Line to a Flow Assay System". Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 27 (11): 1804–1809.  
  17. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Rang, H. P. (2003). Pharmacology. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone.   Page 156

External links

Class
Substrate
Oxidoreductase (EC 1)
Transferase (EC 2)
Hydrolase (EC 3)
Lyase (EC 4)
Anticholinesterases
Others

: PSO/PSI

(, , , , , , ), /,

proc (/), drug (/////)

Ampakines
Cholinergics
Racetams
Nutrients
Others
This article was sourced from Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. World Heritage Encyclopedia content is assembled from numerous content providers, Open Access Publishing, and in compliance with The Fair Access to Science and Technology Research Act (FASTR), Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., Public Library of Science, The Encyclopedia of Life, Open Book Publishers (OBP), PubMed, U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health (NIH), U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, and USA.gov, which sources content from all federal, state, local, tribal, and territorial government publication portals (.gov, .mil, .edu). Funding for USA.gov and content contributors is made possible from the U.S. Congress, E-Government Act of 2002.
 
Crowd sourced content that is contributed to World Heritage Encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles.
 
By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. World Heritage Encyclopedia™ is a registered trademark of the World Public Library Association, a non-profit organization.
 



Copyright © World Library Foundation. All rights reserved. eBooks from World eBook Library are sponsored by the World Library Foundation,
a 501c(4) Member's Support Non-Profit Organization, and is NOT affiliated with any governmental agency or department.