Martha Washington

Martha Washington
Tinted engraving by John Chester Buttre (1821–1893), after the portrait by Gilbert Stuart
First Lady of the United States
In office April 30, 1789 – March 4, 1797
Succeeded by	Abigail Adams
Personal details
Born	Martha Dandridge (1731-06-02)June 2, 1731 Chestnut Grove Plantation, New Kent County, Virginia, British America
Died	May 22, 1802(1802-05-22) (aged 70) Mount Vernon, Virginia, U.S.
Spouse(s)	Daniel Parke Custis (m. 1750; died 1757)  1759; died 1799)m.(
Children	Daniel Parke Custis, Jr. Frances Custis John Parke "Jacky" Custis Martha Parke "Patsy" Custis
Parents	John Dandridge and Frances Jones
Religion	Episcopalian
Signature

Martha Washington (née Dandridge; June 13 [first president of the United States. Although the title was not coined until after her death, Martha Washington is considered to be the first First Lady of the United States. During her lifetime she was often referred to as "Lady Washington".^[1]

Widowed at 25, she had four children with her first husband Daniel Parke Custis. Two of her children by Custis survived to young adulthood. She brought great wealth to her marriage to Washington, which enabled him to buy land and many slaves to add to his personal estate. She also brought nearly 100 dower slaves for her use during her lifetime; they and their descendants reverted to her late husband's estate at her death and were inherited by his heirs.^[2] She and Washington did not have children together but they did rear her two children by Daniel Parke Custis, including son John "Jackey" Custis, as well as helping both of their extended families.

Early life and marriages

Martha Dandridge was born on June 2, 1731^[3] on her parents' plantation Chestnut Grove in the British colony, Province of Virginia. She was the oldest daughter of John Dandridge (1700–1756), a Virginia planter and English immigrant, and Frances Jones (1710–1785) of English, Welsh, and French descent.^[4] Martha had three brothers and four sisters: John (1733–1749), William (1734–1776), Bartholomew (1737–1785), Anna Marie "Fanny" Dandridge Bassett (1739–1777), Frances (1744–1757), Elizabeth Dandridge Aylet Henley (1749–1800), and Mary Dandridge (1756–1763).

Martha Washington as a young woman

She may have had an illegitimate half-sister, Ann Dandridge Costin (years of birth and death unknown), who was born into slavery; Costin's enslaved mother was African and Cherokee and her father was believed to be John Dandridge.^[5] John Dandridge may also have fathered an out-of-wedlock half-brother of Costin's named Ralph Dandridge (years of birth and death unknown), who was probably white.^[5]

On May 15, 1750, at age 18, Martha married Daniel Parke Custis, a rich planter two decades her senior. They lived at White House Plantation on the south shore of the Pamunkey River, a few miles upriver from Chestnut Grove. She had four children with him: Daniel, Frances, John, and Martha. Daniel (1751–1754) and Frances (1753–1757), died in childhood. Their two other children, John (Jacky) Parke Custis (1754–1781) and Martha ("Patsy") Parke Custis (1756–1773), survived to young adulthood. Martha's husband's death in 1757 left Martha a rich young widow at age 25, with independent control over a dower inheritance for her lifetime, including 17,500 acres, 300 slaves, and trustee control over the inheritance of her minor children.^[6] "She capably ran the five plantations left to her when her first husband died, bargaining with London merchants for the best tobacco prices."^[7]

Martha Dandridge Custis in 1757: mezzotint by John Folwell (1863) after a portrait by John Wollaston

Martha Dandridge Custis, age 27, and George Washington, age nearly 27, married on January 6, 1759, at the White House plantation. As a man who lived and owned property in the area, Washington likely knew both Martha and Daniel Parke Custis for some time before his death. During March 1758 he visited her twice at White House; the second time he came away with either an engagement of marriage or at least her promise to think about his proposal. At the time, she was also being courted by the planter Charles Carter, who was even wealthier than Washington.^[7]

The wedding was grand. Washington's suit was of blue and silver cloth with red trimming and gold knee buckles.^[8] The bride wore purple silk shoes with spangled buckles, which are occasionally displayed at Mount Vernon.^[7] The couple honeymooned at White House for several weeks before setting up house at Washington's epileptic seizure, classed as SUDEP. John Parke "Jacky" Custis returned from college to comfort his mother.

Custis later married and had children; he served as an aide to Washington during the George Washington Parke Custis (April 30, 1781 - October 10, 1857). They also provided personal and financial support to nieces, nephews and other family members in both the Dandridge and Washington families.

Content to live a private life at Mount Vernon and her homes from the Custis estate, Martha Washington followed Washington to his winter encampments for each of eight years. She helped keep up morale among the officers.

After the war, she opposed his agreeing to be President of the newly formed United States of America, and refused to attend his inauguration on April 30, 1789. Once he assumed office, as the First Lady, Martha Washington hosted many affairs of state at New York and Philadelphia during their years as temporary capitals. (The capital was moved to Washington D.C. in 1800 under the Adams administration, following construction of the Capitol and White House).

Martha Washington at the 1777–78 Valley Forge encampment

Washington has traditionally been seen as a small, frumpy woman, who spent her days at the Revolutionary War winter encampments visiting with the common soldiers in their huts. But Nancy Loane, author of Following the Drum: Women at the Valley Forge Encampment, says there is no evidence that Washington visited with the common soldiers,^[9] Noting that Martha Washington was fashionably dressed, assertive, and a woman of great wealth and independent means. Mrs. Washington joined her husband during the Revolution for all the Continental Army's winter encampments. Before the revolution began, she had kept close to home; during it, she traveled thousands of miles to be with her husband,^[10] as General Lafayette observing that she loved "her husband madly".^[11]

The Continental Army settled in Valley Forge, the third of the eight winter encampments of the Revolution, on December 19, 1777. Martha Washington traveled ten days and hundreds of miles to join her husband in Pennsylvania.^[12] Primary documents of the Revolutionary period refer to Lady Washington's activities at the site.

Martha Washington by Rembrandt Peale, circa 1856, based on a portrait by his father, Charles Willson Peale.

Martha Washington took her familiar role as her husband's hostess at camp. On April 6, Elizabeth Drinker and three friends arrived at Valley Forge to plead with General Washington to release their husbands from jail; the men, all Quakers, had refused to swear a loyalty oath to the United States. Because the commander was not available at first, the women visited with Mrs. Washington. Martha Washington was regarded as a matriarch in the camps she visited.^[13] Drinker described her later in her diary as “a sociable pretty kind of Woman.”^[14] Although unable to satisfy the women's demands, General Washington invited them to dine at headquarters that day. Drinker said the dinner with General and Mrs. Washington and fifteen officers was “elegant” but “soon over.”^[14]

Martha Washington also socialized with the wives of the senior officers at Valley Forge. Years later, Pierre DuPonceau, an aide to

First Ladies of the United States Martha Washington Abigail Adams Martha Jefferson Randolph Dolley Madison Elizabeth Monroe Louisa Adams Emily Donelson Sarah Jackson Angelica Van Buren Anna Harrison Jane Harrison Letitia Tyler Priscilla Tyler Julia Tyler Sarah Polk Margaret Taylor Abigail Fillmore Jane Pierce Harriet Lane Mary Lincoln Eliza Johnson Julia Grant Lucy Hayes Lucretia Garfield Mary McElroy Rose Cleveland Frances Cleveland Caroline Harrison Mary Harrison Frances Cleveland Ida McKinley Edith Roosevelt Helen Taft Ellen Wilson Margaret Wilson Edith Wilson Florence Harding Grace Coolidge Lou Hoover Eleanor Roosevelt Bess Truman Mamie Eisenhower Jacqueline Kennedy Lady Bird Johnson Pat Nixon Betty Ford Rosalynn Carter Nancy Reagan Barbara Bush Hillary Clinton Laura Bush Michelle Obama First Lady of the United States National Historic Site Lifetimes First Ladies: Influence & Image

• Martha Washington letters (primary sources)
• Martha Washington at the White House (biography)
• Martha Washington at the National First Ladies Library (biography)
• Martha Washington (George Washington's Mount Vernon)
• Donald Greyfield (Jan 1, 2001). Washington"Dandridge"Martha . First of America's First Ladies. (memorial photos)  
• Martha Washington at C-SPAN's First Ladies: Influence & Image

External links

References

See also

• In 1955, the actress Hallmark Hall of Fame. Marshall Thompson, nine years older than Sharpe, portrayed Washington, who was a year younger than Custis.^[39]
• Annette Haven played Martha Washington in the 1976 pornographic film Spirit of Seventy Sex.
• Emmy-winning actress Patty Duke portrayed Martha Washington in the TV miniseries George Washington (1984) and its sequel George Washington II: The Forging of a Nation (1986)
• Martha Washington is the name of a fox in The Life and Times of Grizzly Adams, episode 2 ("Blood Brothers")
• A member of the geranium (a flower) family, scientific name being (Pelargonium x domesticum), is named after Martha Washington.^[40]

In popular culture

The Martha Washington College for Women was founded in Abingdon, Virginia in 1860.^[33] In 1918, its administration was merged with Emory & Henry College^[34] and in 1931 Martha Washington ceased to function as a separate entity, merging completely with Emory & Henry. The main original building of Martha Washington College is now known and operated as the Martha Washington Inn.^[35] There was also Martha Washington Seminary, a finishing school for young women in Washington, DC,^[36] was founded in 1905^[37] and ceased operations in 1949.^[38]

External video

"First Lady Martha Washington", First Ladies: Influence & Image, C‑SPAN[32]

Educational institutions

• Martha Washington on U.S. coin currency
• 

  Obverse

• 

  Reverse

• 

  Obverse (bronze medal)

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  Reverse (bronze medal)

The First Spouse Program under the Presidential $1 Coin Act authorizes the United States Mint to issue 1/2 ounce $10 gold coins and bronze medal duplicates^[31] to honor the first spouses of the United States.The Martha Washington coin was released on June 19, 2007, and was sold out in hours.

U.S. coins

• Martha Washington on U.S. paper currency
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  $1 silver certificate, issue 1886

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  $1 Silver Certificate, issue 1896

Martha Washington is the only woman (other than allegories of Justice, Liberty, etc.) depicted on the face of a United States Banknote. Her engraved portrait bust was used on the face of the $1 Silver Certificate of 1886 and 1891. Both Martha and George Washington are depicted together on the reverse of the $1 silver certificate of 1896.

U.S. paper currency

Martha Washington on U.S. postage
The first Martha Washington postage stamp, issue 1902.  Presidential Issue of 1938

In 1902, Martha Washington became the first American woman to be honored on a U.S. postage stamp. This 8c issue was printed in black with Martha's portrait surrounded by an elaborate laurel wreath. In 1923, a second stamp was issued in her honor, a 4-cent definitive stamp. The third issue to honor Martha Washington was issued in 1938, a 1½¢ denomination stamp.

Martha Washington on U.S. postage

The USS Martha Washington (ID-3019) was a transport for the United States Navy during World War I. She was originally ocean liner SS Martha Washington for the Austro-American Line before the war. Before and after her Navy service she was the United States Army transport USAT Martha Washington. The liner was sold to the Italian Cosulich Line in 1922. In 1932, when Cosulich was absorbed into Italia Flotte Riunite (English: United Fleets Italy), the ship was renamed SS Tel Aviv. The ship was scrapped in 1934.

USS Martha Washington

Mrs. Washington had a row galley named in her honor, the USS Lady Washington. It holds the distinction of being the first U.S. military ship to be named in honor of a woman and for a vessel named while the person was still alive (see also List of U.S. military vessels named after living Americans). It has a number of other distinctions as well, as the first ship named after a (future) First Lady and one of the few active vessels in the U.S. Navy named in honor of a woman (see also USS Hopper).

USS Lady Washington

Honors

Martha Washington
An 1878 portrait by Eliphalet Frazer Andrews  Martha's coffin (left) in the tomb at Mount Vernon  "Washington's Family" by Eleanor Parke Custis, Martha, and an enslaved servant: probably William Lee or Christopher Sheels  Daniel Huntington Lady Washington’s Reception Day, 1861 Brooklyn Museum

While she lived, Martha emancipated none of her own slaves and when she died, on May 22, 1802 at the age of 70, all of her human property went to her inheritors.^[2] Martha's four grandchildren, the children of the late John (Jacky) Custis inherited her "dower" slaves. Elisha, the one slave she owned outright, was bequeathed to her grandson George Washington Parke Custis.

"In the state in which they were left by the General, to be free at her death, she did not feel as tho her Life was safe in their Hands, many of whom would be told that it was [in] their interest to get rid of her–She therefore was advised to set them all free at the close of the year.–" (A. A. to Mary Cranch, 21 December 1800)^[30]

In January 1801 Martha freed her husband's slaves, just over a year after his death.^[29] Just a few weeks earlier in December, Abigail Adams, wife of the second President, had visited Mount Vernon and wrote: "Many of those who are liberated have married with what are called the dower Negroes, so that they all quit their [family] connections, yet what could she do?" Mrs. Adams suggested a motive for Martha to have freed Washington's slaves early:

By 1799 the number of Martha Washington's "dower" slaves had grown to 153; George Washington owned 124 people, and at least a dozen Washington-owned slaves intermarried. Washington's will^[28] stipulated that his own slaves were to be set free after his wife's death so that intermarried families would not be broken up.

Washington's slave Hercules, who had worked as his chief cook at the President's House (Philadelphia) before being returned to Mount Vernon in 1796, escaped from there on February 22, 1797.^[24] He was known to have traveled to Philadelphia and by December 1801 was living in New York City.^[25][26] His six-year-old daughter, still enslaved at Mount Vernon, told a visitor that she was glad her father was free.^[27]

"Martha felt a responsibility for the unsophisticated girl under her care, especially since her mother and sister were expecting to see her back at Mount Vernon. What she could never understand was that [Oney had...] a simple desire to be free. Ona, as she preferred to call herself, wanted to live where she pleased, do what work she pleased, and learn to read and write [...] Ona Judge professed a great regard for Martha and the way she had been treated, but she couldn't face a future as a slave for herself and her children."^[23]

Martha Washington was upset when her lady's maid Oney Judge, a "dower" slave, escaped in 1796 from the Philadelphia household during Washington's second term. According to interviews with Judge in the 1840s, the First Lady had promised the young woman as a wedding gift to her granddaughter Elizabeth Parke Custis in Virginia and Judge feared she would never gain freedom.^[22] She hid with free black friends in the city, who helped arrange her travel by ship to Portsmouth, New Hampshire. There she married and had three children. Patricia Brady, in her 2005 biography of Martha Washington, writes:

Seven of the nine slaves whom President Washington brought to Philadelphia (the national capital, 1790–1800) to work in the President's House were "dowers." Pennsylvania passed a gradual abolition law in 1780, under which non-residents were allowed to hold slaves in the state for up to 6 months; after that date, they could claim freedom. The Washingtons rotated their President's House slaves in and out of the state before the 6-month deadline to prevent their establishing residency (and legally qualifying for manumission).^[2] Washington reasoned that should the "dowers" attain their freedom due to his negligence, he might be liable to the Custis estate for their value.

Washington used his wife's great wealth to buy land and slaves; he more than tripled the size of Mount Vernon (2,650 acres (10.7 km²) in 1757; 8,251 acres (33.39 km²) in 1787). For more than 40 years, her "dower" slaves farmed the plantation alongside her husband's. The Washingtons could not sell Custis land or slaves, which were held in trust first for Martha's only surviving child John Custis, who died during the Revolution, and then his heirs. Some slaves owned by the Washingtons married, forming linked families. If the slave mother was part of the dower group of slaves, so too were her children.

Upon his 1759 marriage to Martha, George Washington became the legal manager of the Custis estate, under court oversight. Estate records indicate that Martha Washington continued to purchase supplies, manage paid staff, and make many other decisions. Although the Washingtons wielded managerial control over the whole estate, they received income only from Martha's "dower" third. The remainder went to the trust.

Following the 1757 death of Martha's first husband, the widow received a "dower share," the lifetime use of (and income from) one-third of his estate, with the other two-thirds held in trust for their minor children. The full Custis estate contained plantations and farms totaling about 27 square miles (70 km²), and 285 enslaved men, women, and children attached to those holdings. In 1759, Martha's dower share included at least 85 slaves; she also would control any children they had, who became part of the dower.

Dower slaves, estate, and death

Five days later, on May 11, Martha Washington and the commander attended the camp production of Cato, a favorite of the General’s. The Joseph Addison tragedy was performed by the staff officers for a “very numerous and splendid audience,” including many officers and several of their wives.^[21] One officer wrote that he found the performance “admirable” and the scenery “in Taste.”^[21]

Lady Washington took part in the camp’s May 6 celebration of the formal announcement of the French-American alliance.^[19] Soon after the thunderous feu de joie, when thousands of soldiers fired off their muskets, General Washington and his wife received other officers under a large marquee fashioned from dozens of officers’ tents. General Washington was said to have worn “a countenance of uncommon delight and complacence.”^[20]

Charles Willson Peale painted a miniature of Washington—for which he charged his usual “56 Dollars”—and presented it to Martha, along with painting other miniatures of Washington.^[17] He also painted 50 other officers and their wives that winter.^[18]

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